Available Facilities

• Outdoor Test Facility – TNO

  Outdoor Testing

  

  • Compatible with a wide range of PV devices:
    • From small-scale lab cells to full-size modules
    • From single to triple junction devices

  Locations

  • Primary setup: Petten, The Netherlands
  • Backup setup: Eindhoven, The Netherlands (available if Petten setup is out of order)
  • Both setups have dedicated electronics for perovskite single- and multi-junction devices

  Site Characteristics (Petten)

  • Located on the roof of a multistory building, in the dunes, close to the North Sea coastline
  • Köppen-Geiger climate zone: Cfb — temperate climate, no dry season, warm summers
  • Due to coastal location, samples are occasionally exposed to:
    • Heavy wind loads
    • Salt spray

  Instrumentation

  • Weather station
  • Spectrometer
  • Pyranometer
  • Reference cells
  • Various IV tracers:
    • Maximum voltage: 40–120 V
    • Maximum current: 3–9 A

  Sample Requirements for Good Results

  • Samples should be stable for at least 1 month
  • Minimum short-circuit current of 0.2 mA under relevant outdoor conditions

• TNO – Digital Twin of PV Devices

  Virtual Access

  

  • TNO builds a digital twin of a photovoltaic device based on collected data
  • The digital twin is used to predict device characteristics of outdoor devices under a variety of circumstances
  • Beyond performance prediction, the tool can also identify degradation effects

  Digital Twinning Methodology

  • Involves a set of linked computation sets:
    • Set 1: computes device performance from outdoor data
    • Set 2: computes device characteristics from a one-diode model
  • When only the one-diode model is applied, results are typically less satisfactory

  Modeling Enhancement

  • A multi-linear regression model is used to improve results:
    • Applicable to single-junction devices
    • Further expanded to support multi-junction devices
  • For multi-junction devices, outdoor data must include spectral information